Biology 59: Plant BiologyGeorge
M. Diggs, Jr. |
To Contact Dr. Diggs:
Austin College Phone: (903) 813-2246, Home
Phone (903) 868-1642
Office: 317 Moody Science
Mailing Address: Department of Biology, Austin College, Sherman,
TX 75090
AC Suite 61564
e-mail: gdiggs@austincollege.edu
Home page: http://artemis.austincollege.edu/acad/bio/gdiggs/diggs.html
Office Hours: 1:30-2:30 M, Tu; Other times by appointment.
Course Home Page | Course Schedule |
Plant Collection | Research Summary | About George Diggs | Academic Skills Center | Plants Label Data |
Your readings for Exam 1 are on reserve in the library.
An additional brief reading is given below:
Vibrator or Buzz Pollination
From Diggs et al., Illustrated Flora of East Texas, Volume 2 (in
prep.)
A number of species exhibit the
vibrator, vibrational, or
buzz pollination syndrome, which has evolved as an
effective mechanism for transferring pollen via pollen-collecting
insects such as bumblebees---while pollen is the reward utilized
by the bee, at least some pollen is inadvertently transferred to
other flowers). The bees shake the anthers by vibrating/shivering
their thoracic flight muscles at a certain frequency; this
audible buzz sets up a resonance in the anthers or
the space they enclose and the otherwise inaccessible pollen is
released from the terminal pores of the anthers and collected by
the insect. The porate anthers serve as an effective dispensing
mechanism, which release some pollen, but not so much that all
available pollen is given to a single insect. This limitation
maximizes the chance of successful pollen dispersal. There are
several hypotheses for the turned back (reflexed) corollas and
exposed anther-cone typical of vibrator-type flowers.
This solanoid flower structure (named after the genus
Solanum which has similar flowers) may be an adaptation to
minimize either dampening of vibration resonance or hindrance of
pollinator access to the anthers (e.g., corolla out of the way),
it may be an adaptation related to microclimate in the flower
(e.g., anthers not enclosed with a relatively humid chamber
formed by the corolla---thus keeping the pollen in a dry powdery
condition so that it is easily dispersed), or the exposed, often
colorful, frequently dark anthers may function as a visual signal
of the available pollen reward or permit radiative warming and
thus drier, more powdery pollen. In addition, the flowers hang
down, causing the bee to curl its body under the anther-cone in
order to catch the pollen as it is expelled. It has been proposed
that this results in at least some of the pollen being deposited
underneath the bees body in areas that are poorly
groomed---thus insuring some effective pollen transfer to another
flower (Macior 1964; Buchmann 1983; Erickson & Buchmann 1983;
Barth 1985; Corbet et al. 1988; Harder & Barclay 1994; King
& Buchmann 1996; Proctor et al. 1996).
For further information about this course, please
contact:
Dr. George Diggs, Professor Department of Biology Austin College 900 N. Grand Ave. Sherman, TX 75090 903-813-2246 Fax: 903-813-3199 gdiggs@austincollege.edu |
All text and images on this page copyright 2003, George M. Diggs,
Jr.