Hist341—Germany Since Bismarck

Instructions for the three papers

We will talk about choosing topics in class, but ultimately, you will have to be proactive and find a good topic within our subject area of German from about 1860 to the present. You must choose a topic that offers much in the way of both primary and secondary source materials. This is CRUCIAL. Hence, you will need to consult with me either by email or direct discussion. To do this, use your own knowledge, look ahead in the syllabus, chat with me after class etc.

Journals you could check to see what kind of scope scholarly History research articles cover:

Central European History
The Historical Journal
German History
The Journal of Modern History
The Journal of Contemporary History
Austrian History Yearbook


You also have available to you many articles in HTML form, or better yet, pdf files that you can simply download and read, or download and print and read. The best avenues for us are probably JSTOR, Project Muse, and then simply a WorldCat search, which takes you to all kinds of sources.  Project Muse carries The Journal of Cold War Studies and other useful journals.

BUT--no internet-type sources without full publication info are allowed. You must cite an author and date. If you don't have that, the source is a no-go. This means that Wikipedia cannot be a source. If you include that as one, I will subtract ten points from your paper.


JSTOR is your friend. Let me know if you need an introduction to this source for scholarly journal articles.



Document Editing Project              

            This assignment is an exercise in choosing, editing, and introducing a historical document.  The assignment requires you first to find a suitable primary document, that is, a first-hand historical source, such as a letter, an eyewitness account, an autobiography, a diplomatic document, a contemporary pamphlet, etc. The document may relate to any era we touch on in our course material up to the midterm exam.  You must okay the document with me before you try to do the assignment.
            Next, you will want to study the document to make sure you know what it means, to what events or matters it refers, what knowledge it assumes, to whom or for whom it was written, and any other elements which would assist you in drawing on the document for historical knowledge. 
            You will then annotate the document, that is, choose a number of spots in the paper which require elucidation to make sense to the average educated reader.  This might be a really archaic word (but look it up to make sure it is archaic. The Oxford English Dictionary will tell you that). It could be a first name (e.g.--"Freddie told me yesterday that the French were massing troops in Alsace"--find out who Freddie was an add the note: Freddie was Germany Foreign Ministry official Friedrich Theobald von Reibersthal). It could be a foreign word or sentence--translate it clearly however you can. It could be an unusual or technical phrase: "We are all working hard here at the stope-face"--explain this.  Etc. Etc.
  

Choose a section with 15 or more such points. You must annotate consecutively; that is, in the section of your document you choose to annotate, don't skip anything that needs annotating.  If you can’t find what something refers to, give that a number and say, “I tried to find this and couldn’t.” 

On the copy, mark those spots with a superscript, and write an endnote or footnote which supplies the information necessary to make it intelligible. Don't just restate or explain. I can’t emphasize the last sentence enought. You are not interpeting the document for the reader. You are adding information, enough to help the average reader make sense of the document.

Each annotation should include the source or sources which you used to write the footnote.  These sources must be solid sources, not of the anonymous internet type. You may of course use Wikipedia to help you figure it out, but you must find solid sources which confirm your Wikipedia info.
            Finally, write a short (at least 800-word) introduction which will serve to introduce the document to the general reader, put it into its historical context, and perhaps point out interesting or useful points about the document.  You should use at least three solid sources as a basis for this Intro. Give footnotes for those separately from your annotation notes/citations.  No anonymous internet sources may be among your three.
            Put the whole package together:  title page (no page number--and the first page of text is page 1), introduction, the annotated document (with numbered superscripts marked in the text), and the corresponding explanatory notes or annotations, typed consecutively. All of it must be typed double-spaced.
           You should put all this in one document so as to turn it in via Turnitin.com.
           You should either choose a document which will require at least 15 notes or simply use an excerpt of some longer document. In other words, don't just pick and choose the spots for annotation: annotate everything that you think needs it--up to 15. If the document contains more than fifteen, just annotate a section or excerpt which contains fifteen notes. Again, please give, with each note, the source of your information. 

            And to repeat, you should create footnotes for the citations you used for the Intro, then list the endnotes for the annotation separately.
            In your introduction, DO NOT USE INTERNAL CITATION SUCH AS MLA STYLE.  All references should be in the footnote/endnote style.  Please see the following site for a complete description of the required footnote style:

  https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide/citation-guide-1.html Please Note:  bibliography style and footnote/endnote style take slightly different forms. Please make your notes correspond exactly to the patterns given by the Chicago Manual of Style.
 



Annotated Bibliography


First, if you do not already use a digital bibliographic program on your computer, look at the page for a bibliography program called Zotero.
        https://www.zotero.org/
Download it for free. It can be used for any discipline, but it was written by and for historians at George Mason University.  I recommend it highly. It is very flexible, and it will make your life easier.


              *  *  *  *  *  *

This will be a full-fledged Annotated Bibliography. It should look like this in outline:

Cover page
Introduction to the topic (two solid paragraphs)
Bibliography
        Primary Documents
        Secondary Documents
    (divided by these headings)
Conclusion (short paragraph summing up the topic as shaped by the sources you list)


Each entry in either category must include full bibliographical information in The Chicago Manual of Style format for "Notes and Bibliography." The Chicago Manual of Style is reflected and explained in many sites on the internet, but the simplest reference page is the one maintained by The Chicago Manual of Style itself:
https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide/citation-guide-1.html

Annotations:  After each bibliographical entry, you must write a short annotation of 3 or 4 lines in length, explaining how this source supports the understanding of the topic you have chosen. There is no set format for these annotations, but after perusing (not necessarily reading thoroughly) all your documents, you should be able to form some idea of how each might help in telling the story and doing the analysis you intend to do.


In your Annotated Bibliography, you must tell me how your sources make the study possible in the conclusion or in the annotations themselves.

How many sources?  There is no one answer. For some topics you might have a list of a dozen primary and a dozen secondary sources. For some, you could write a paper based on many fewer. But one way or another, your bibliography must contain some solid primary sources and several secondary sources.  This does not count encyclopedia entries (unless you are using one of the specialized historical encyclopedias in the reference section of Abell Library--those are good historical secondary sources, usually).  Internet sources MUST be taken from legitimate, clearly acceptable sites.  You MUST give full information for internet sources, including author, organization, URL, date, etc.  If any of these items is unavailable, then you may not use it as a source for your paper.





The Short Research Paper
Short Analytical Research Essay OR Analytical Biography



Research Paper
The paper should have have a clear introduction, including a "Fragestellung," as we will be discussing in class.  There should also be a clear, summary conclusion.  The audience is History students and scholars.  The paper should be in the range of 2700   words of text.


Think of the framework this way:

Introduction

Body
        Section I
        Section II
        Section III
Conclusion
Bibliography

The paper should focus on a narrow, enclosed topic that allows you to dig in and analyze a trend, event, person, episode, etc.  Beware of a topic that is too broad.  If you can envision a book on the library shelf about the topic you are thinking of, then you should narrow it down drastically. Consult with me before you go too far with a topic. I can help you avoid projects that are too broad or otherwise too difficult.

As for the writing itself, we will discuss systems for writing larger research papers, and you must discuss with me what system you will be using. 

            The Finished Paper

The paper should have title page and bibliography, but not an annotated one.  The bibliography must be works you actually used in the footnotes of your paper.

Please note: you must write footnotes or endnotes in correct form for the evidence in your paper. We will look at examples in class.

Please note that the actual form of the bibliography entries is different from footnote references. 

Don't Forget to Number Your Pages.  The first page of your paper is the first page of text,  NOT the title page.

You should run spell check.  And you should proofread several times.  Mechanical and writing matters will be factored into the grade, for good and bad. 

You must turn in it in via Turnitin.com.

  DO NOT USE AN INTERNAL CITATION SYSTEM SUCH AS MLA STYLE
  All references should be in the footnote/endnote style.  Apart from The Chicago Manual of Style page given above, you can also look at the following sites for a complete description of footnote and bibliography style:

http://www.wisc.edu/writing/Handbook/DocChicago.html

http://www.press.uchicago.edu/books/turabian/turabian_citationguide.html

Please NOTE:  bibliography entries are not arranged in the same order and with the same punctuation as footnote references.

     Plagiarism is so easy with electronic sources, that I want to make clear my stance on it. If you simply rewrite slightly some source you found on the internet (or in print for that matter), that constitutes plagiarism.  If I discover this, you will receive an F for this course, and I will report the case to the Dean and the appropriate conduct committees.  But whatever the conduct committee decides, you will still receive the F.  I may not catch all cases of plagiarism, but I promise to give immediate and full attention to those I do.  Give full credit for an idea, for any information that goes beyond common knowledge, for someone's words, for someone's brainchild, etc.  Otherwise you are being dishonest. 


Short Analytical Biography


Same scope as the short research paper, same requirements, except that the thesis/Fragestellung works a bit differently. I will explain this carefully in class.




Other Important Issues: 
--ALWAYS number your pages.  Don't turn in anything to anybody that looks half-baked. 
--In quoting, remember to TAG or attribute your quotations in the text:  don't just rely on the footnote to give that information to the reader. 
--You can make your writing strongly immediately by revising out all the verbs in the passive voice and most of the uses of the verb to be.  
--Please see the "Exam and Evaluation Sheet" which I use to help me mark papers and tests a bit faster and give you an idea of what kinds of issues might come up.  This will give you some idea of what sorts of things to look for --when you do your own revising.



FINALLY...

With both papers, after you have gotten your paper back with comments and a grade, you may choose to edit the paper and turn it in again.  If so, I will average the edited version grade with the research paper grade.