History 334, Fall 2025

Industry, Identity, Empire:  Europe 1860-1940

Schedule



Aug 26--Introduction: Some comments on Power and the Second Industrial Revolution

 

Aug 28--The 1848 Revolutions and Italian Independence

First, read this short info sheet I created for Hist143:
THE SHORT NINETEENTH CENTURY:  LIBERALISM.  REFORM,  and NATIONALISM
Then read the Wikipedia entry on Unification of Italy, but only the Intro and from "Revolutions of 1848–1849 and First Italian War of Independence" up to the subheading "Third War of Independence (1866)"




Sep 2--German Unification

Read these short primary sources on German Unification http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/germanunification.html#Bismarck

And read "Toward a Psychoanalytic Interpretation of Bismarck" by Otto Pflanze (look this article up on JSTOR). Here is the citation: The American Historical Review, Volume 77, Issue 2, April 1972, Pages 419–444, https://doi.org/10.1086/ahr/77.2.419


Sep 4--The Great Powers from 1871 to 1900:  An Overview
Read Chapter1 of Carleton J. H. Hayes, A Generation of Materialism. Find it on Archive.org https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.274702/page/n3/mode/2up?view=theater

 


 

Sep 9--Russia, the Great Reforms, and the Violent Aftermath

Read Intro only to the Wikipedia article on Alexander's governmental reforms:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_reforms_of_Alexander_II_of_Russia

And read Michael Lynch's essay on the abolition of serfdom:
https://www.historytoday.com/archive/emancipation-russian-serfs-1861


Sep 11--Darwin and Marx

Read the Wikipedia Intro (only) to "Karl Marx" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx

and

and look at this brief powerpoint on "Marxist Dialectics"
and read
http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist-manifesto/ch01.htm

and the Intro to

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Descent_of_Man,_and_Selection_in_Relation_to_Sex
and

http://www.literature.org/authors/darwin-charles/the-descent-of-man/chapter-05.html




Sep 16—Freud, Nietzsche, Bergson, Sorel

Read these Wikipedia entries:
Intro to

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche
Intro to

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud

Intro to
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Bergson
    and read the whole Wikipedia entry on George Sorel's "Reflections on Violence" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflections_on_Violence

    

Sep 18--Power, the Nation, and the New Imperialism ON JSTOR, please find and read:  Daniel Headrick, "The Tools of Imperialism:  Technology and the Expansion of European Colonial Empires in the Nineteenth Century," Journal of Modern History 51 (1979):  231-263.

 



Sep 23European Governance and the New Imperialism: A Paradox
Read my essay:  "Empire and Brutality:  The Origins of the Concentration Camp."  

   

 

Sep 25--The Coming of the Great War

    Read Tooley, The Great War, ch. 1
And also look carefully over this excellent timeline of events leading to WWI on the WWI Document Archive:

http://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Timeline_of_Events, up to 1900

 

Paper 1 due by 5:00pm on Friday,  Sep 26 via Turnitin



Sep 30--Outbreak of War and the Shaping of the Fronts 
Read two historical documents
http://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/The_Austro-Hungarian_Ultimatum_to_Serbia_%28English_Translation%29

    http://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Wilhelm_II%27s_Account_of_Events

And read Tooley, The Great War Chapter 2.


Oct 2--The War of Stalemate and the Emergence of Deeper Forces

Tooley, The Great War, Chapter 3 and Chapter 5



 

Oct 7—Surrender and "Peace"
http://twentiethcenturyviolence.blogspot.com/2019/07/diktat-1919-versailles-treaty-as.html
https://parispeace1919.blogspot.com/2009/01/top-ten-events-in-tumultuous-history-of.html
https://parispeace1919.blogspot.com/2009/01/german-revolution-german-politics.html
https://parispeace1919.blogspot.com/2009/01/conference-opens.html

 

Oct 9--Peacemaking at Paris:  Borders
Read these blog entries:
https://parispeace1919.blogspot.com/2009/10/border-issues-and-paris-peace-ninety.html
https://parispeace1919.blogspot.com/2009/01/borders-in-paris-peace-primer-part-i.html
https://parispeace1919.blogspot.com/2009/02/borders-in-paris-peace-primer-part-ii.html
https://parispeace1919.blogspot.com/2009/02/borders-in-paris-peace-primer-part-iii.html

And please watch this short powerpoint: "Banks, Plans, Depression"



Oct 14--MIDTERM EXAM

 

Oct 16—The Bolshevik Revolution and the Civil War

Read the excellent internet source (by an economics professor at George Mason University) called The Museum of Communism.  The link to the index page is:

http://www.gmu.edu/departments/economics/bcaplan/museum/history.htm

The chapter needed is entitled “Lenin and the First Communist Revolutions.”  There are nine short sections within this heading.  Please read all of them.
And watch a ppt. run-down I made:  "Lenin, Revolution, Civil War"
http://artemis.austincollege.edu/acad/history/htooley/LeninEtc.ppt
??????????????




Oct 21—Totalitarians! Mussolini and Italy

Read the Wikipedia entry for Benito Mussolini.  Also, read the little statement on Fascism by Mussolini:

 http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/mussolini-fascism.html

and read Fred Frommer's article on the Fascist seizure of power at History.com:
https://www.history.com/news/mussolini-italy-fascism
Important to think about:
George Sorel:  "Mussolini is a man no less extraordinary than Lenin. He, too, is a political genius, of a greater reach than all the statesmen of the day, with the only exception of Lenin…"

 Benito Mussolini: "I owe most to Georges Sorel. This master of syndicalism by his rough theories of revolutionary tactics has contributed most to form the discipline, energy and power of the fascist cohorts."


Oct 23--Stalin!

Look carefully at this quick ppt. bio of Stalin I put together:

http://artemis.austincollege.edu/acad/history/htooley/Hist334StalinBio.ppt


and watch this Youtube video interview of Stephen Kotkin, the greatest and most recent biographer of Stalin (about 35 min.)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3MzPzfEVjNE



Paper 2 due by 5:00pm on Friday, Oct. 24, via Turnitin



Oct 28—Weimar Germany

Read this short history of the Weimar Republic from The Holocaust Encyclopedia

https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/the-weimar-republic
and this piece by George J. W. Goodman:  The German Hyperinflation, 1923

https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/minitext/ess_germanhyperinflation.html

Oct 30--Nazis

Read carefully the 1919 Party Program of the NSDAP (Nazi Party):

https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/nazi-party-platform
  and this group of excerpts from Mein Kampf, at the Jewish Virtual Library:

https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/excerpts-from-mein-kampf  
And look over this electoral record of Weimar Republic (esp. the NSDAP totals)
https://histoire.museeholocauste.ca/en/timeline/nazi-path-power
Only the chart called "Results of German federal elections 1919-1938" (We will discuss this in class).

 And finally, read the Holocaust Encyclopedia entry on "The Nazi Rise to Power"

https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/the-nazi-rise-to-power



Nov 4--Democracies, Dictatorships, and the Depresssion

Read pp. 235-252 of Briggs/Clavin's textbook on modern European history:
https://archive.org/details/moderneurope17890000brig_z2o4/page/n3/mode/2up?view=theater

and my review of Paul Hein??????????????


Nov 6--The Hitler Regime 

Richard Breitman's summary of Nazi Germany at German History in Documents and Images (this is a pdf file--about 45 pages of reading).
You can read this online (just click "Introduction"--no need to look at the other documents etc.) OR download as a pdf by clicking "print version."

https://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/sub_document.cfm?document_id=2489




Nov 11--The Spanish Civil War

Read the Wikipedia entry Intro (only down to and not including "Background":

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War


Nov 13--The Far East and the Origins of World War II

Look carefully at this powerpoint (without sound) on the Far East Origins of WWII


Paper 3 due by 5:00pm on Friday, Nov 14 via Turnitin



Nov 20--Catch-up Day. Q&A. Some finer points. No reading
(Also, on this day, I will be giving you a short essay test on the distinctions between primary sources and secondary sources)



Nov 18--—Hitler, Czechoslovakia, and Poland

Read the following sections from Spartacus-Educational's entry on Appeasement:

https://spartacus-educational.com/2WWappeasement.htm#breadcrumb
The Munich Agreement
The Myth of Appeasement and Rearmament
Doubts about Appeasement





Dec 2--Russia and the Origins of World War II
Read the Wikipedia entry for "The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact" (or Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact
and read R. C. Raack's article on Stalin and the origins of the war
https://www-jstor-org.webster.austincollege.edu/stable/20672468?searchText=R.+C.+Raack%27s+article+on+Stalin&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3DR.%2BC.%2BRaack%2527s%2Barticle%2Bon%2BStalin&ab_segments=0%2FSYC-6744_basic_search%2Ftest-2&refreqid=fastly-default%3Ab49125607d8274a4b1181aaedf0a5004#metadata_info_tab_contents

Dec 4--Toward the Radio Station at Gleiwitz